RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Definition : Relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a
relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it
"relates" to the word that its relative clause modifies.
There are five relative pronouns: who, whom,
whose, which, that
Relative Clause =
Relative Pronoun +/- Subject + Verb
Complex Sentence = Independent Clause + Relative Clause
·
Formula :
1. Who
: Has a function as a “subject” that is used to describe Noun - people, and has
the meaning of ‘is’. Who referred to as
the subject pronoun ( such as the use of : I,
he, she , etc )
*S + who + verb/to be
Example : - The boy whom we visited is her
boyfriend
2. Whom
: Has a function as an “object” that is used to describe noun - person, and has
the meaning of ‘is’. Whom is referred to as an object pronoun (such as the use
of : me, his, her, etc)
*S + whom + Adv
Example : The woman whom you kissed
last night is my sister.
3. Which
: Has a function as “subject or object” that is used to describe a noun – noun
or animal and has the meaning of ‘is’.
* S + which + verb/to be
Example : The filing cabinet, which we purchase last
week, is very well built.
4. Whose
: Has a function as “kepemilikan”, which is used to describe a noun – person.
Whose is used to indicate possession , Whose also have the same meaning like
the use of my, our, their, etc.
* S + Whose + O
Example : I know the man whose bicycle
was stolen.
5. That : Has a function as a
“subject or object” that is used to describe a noun – person, noun, and animal.
Has the meaning of ‘is’.
Example :
The car that I bought 3 years ago has been stolen by my own brother.
PASSIVE VOICE
Definition : Passive Voice (Sentences Passive) is a
voice that indicates that the subject is the patient or recipient of the action
denoted by the verb.
Rumus Umum : TO BE + V3
1.
Simple Present Tense
Formula :
Active: S + do/does + not + V1
Passive : S + to be (am, are, is) + not +
V3 + by + O
Example :
Active : he doesn't write the book
I don't wash the car
Passive : The book isn't written by her
The car isn't washed by me
2.
Simple Past Tense
Formula :
Active : S + did + not + V1
Passive : S
+ to be (was, were) + not + V3 + by + O
Example :
Active : She didn't write a letter
Passive: A letter wasn't written by her
3.
Present Perfect Tense
Formula :
Active : S + have/has + not + V3 + O
Passive : S + have/has + not + been + V3 +
by + O
Example :
Active : She hasn't written the book
I haven't written the book
Passive : The
book hasn't been written by me
The book hasn't been written by her
4.
Past Perfect Tense
Formula :
Active : S + had + not + V3 + O
Passive: S + had + not + been + V3 + by
+ O
Example :
Active : She hadn't washed the car
Passive: The car hadn't been
washed by her
5.
Present Progressive
Formula :
Active : S
+ to be (is,am,are) + V-ing
Passive
: S + to be + being + V3
Example :
Active : Yono
is helping Yani.
Passive
: Yani is being helped by Yono.
6.
Past Progressive
Formula :
Active : S + to be (was,were)+ V-ing
Passive : S + to be + NOT + being + V3
Example :
Active : Bomar was helping Bio.
Passive : Bio was being helped by Bomar.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Definition : Relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a
relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it
"relates" to the word that its relative clause modifies.
There are five relative pronouns: who, whom,
whose, which, that
Relative Clause =
Relative Pronoun +/- Subject + Verb
Complex Sentence = Independent Clause + Relative Clause
·
Formula :
1. Who
: Has a function as a “subject” that is used to describe Noun - people, and has
the meaning of ‘is’. Who referred to as
the subject pronoun ( such as the use of : I,
he, she , etc )
*S + who + verb/to be
Example : - The boy whom we visited is her
boyfriend
2. Whom
: Has a function as an “object” that is used to describe noun - person, and has
the meaning of ‘is’. Whom is referred to as an object pronoun (such as the use
of : me, his, her, etc)
*S + whom + Adv
Example : The woman whom you kissed
last night is my sister.
3. Which
: Has a function as “subject or object” that is used to describe a noun – noun
or animal and has the meaning of ‘is’.
* S + which + verb/to be
Example : The filing cabinet, which we purchase last
week, is very well built.
4. Whose
: Has a function as “kepemilikan”, which is used to describe a noun – person.
Whose is used to indicate possession , Whose also have the same meaning like
the use of my, our, their, etc.
* S + Whose + O
Example : I know the man whose bicycle
was stolen.
5. That : Has a function as a
“subject or object” that is used to describe a noun – person, noun, and animal.
Has the meaning of ‘is’.
Example :
The car that I bought 3 years ago has been stolen by my own brother.
PASSIVE VOICE
Definition : Passive Voice (Sentences Passive) is a
voice that indicates that the subject is the patient or recipient of the action
denoted by the verb.
Rumus Umum : TO BE + V3
1.
Simple Present Tense
Formula :
Active: S + do/does + not + V1
Passive : S + to be (am, are, is) + not +
V3 + by + O
Example :
Active : he doesn't write the book
I don't wash the car
Passive : The book isn't written by her
The car isn't washed by me
2.
Simple Past Tense
Formula :
Active : S + did + not + V1
Passive : S
+ to be (was, were) + not + V3 + by + O
Example :
Active : She didn't write a letter
Passive: A letter wasn't written by her
3.
Present Perfect Tense
Formula :
Active : S + have/has + not + V3 + O
Passive : S + have/has + not + been + V3 +
by + O
Example :
Active : She hasn't written the book
I haven't written the book
Passive : The
book hasn't been written by me
The book hasn't been written by her
4.
Past Perfect Tense
Formula :
Active : S + had + not + V3 + O
Passive: S + had + not + been + V3 + by
+ O
Example :
Active : She hadn't washed the car
Passive: The car hadn't been
washed by her
5.
Present Progressive
Formula :
Active : S
+ to be (is,am,are) + V-ing
Passive
: S + to be + being + V3
Example :
Active : Yono
is helping Yani.
Passive
: Yani is being helped by Yono.
6.
Past Progressive
Formula :
Active : S + to be (was,were)+ V-ing
Passive : S + to be + NOT + being + V3
Example :
Active : Bomar was helping Bio.
Passive : Bio was being helped by Bomar.
